Origins: Hilly, mountainous, rocky woods, upland loams, moist benches, and swamp borders.

Uses: The bark has been used primarily because of its tannin content, which makes it a strong astringent. Resin is used as a mild rubefacient and veterinary liniment.

A guide to medicinal plants of  Appalachia/ Krochmal, Arnold; Walter, Russel S.; Doughty, Richard M.: USA: U.S.D.A Forest Service:,1959